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COMMON ACCIDENT WITH BIOGAS DIGESTERS

JUST LIKE EVERY OTHER DEVICES THE SAFTY OF THE USER IS VERY IMPORTANT,
Apart from toxic piosons that could be produce by the digester if adequuate messure are not taken the the digester can even explode(metaldrums) causing serious damages if is not proffessionally constructed or been loaded beyond its capacity this could post dangerous health problems. So we have to follow simple fomula e.g : These wastes are collected and loaded into the drums, making up two-thirds of the loaded drum. After which, the animal manure and water are mixed into the container. The drum is then compressed with a concrete hollow block, which serves as weight on top of the mixture. The drum is sealed and left for several days to digest and ferment.

Gas was discharged from the collectors after 14 days. On the 15th day, a burner may be attached for the initial flame test. It is advised not to conduct flame test directly from the gas collectors’ nozzle to avoid accident. A secondary hose must be inserted from the gas collector’s nozzle onto the burner before conducting flame test.

The Modern Importance of Biogas

The Modern Importance of Biogas

The use of biogas is increasing rapidly rapidly today for a number of reasons:
Fuel costs have been rising steadily for a number of years and the taxation burden increases as well, leading to a double load ofr the user to bear.
Attempts are now being made to improve the use of renewable energy sources.
The gas produced, mainly methane, is one of the major causes of the greenhouse effect.
The production is possible in small scale sites, obviating the need to supply energy to outlying areas.
Even a very basic construction using mostly used materials will produce gas if a few simple design rules are followed.
This is not meant to be a construction guide for biodigesters or any of the other equipment needed for this purpose, it is rather a discussion of the control systems in use for the landfill schemes that are in use in many countries already.

Nevertheless, a few points are worthy of mention. The links below will give some good information on this topic and hopefully clear up any queries that you might have.
The gas produced and the slurry being fermented are corrosive. This means that some of the fittings must be made of corrosion-proof material. Plastic can be used for many things, but where pressure and sunlight are involved, then stainless steel may be needed. Again, as the gas is corrosive due to the presence of hydrogen sulphide and other impurities, it may have to be collected in a stainless steel tank in some cases. The cost for such materials is high and may be prohibitive, but larger industrial systems will be forced to go in this direction to get a useful working life. Stainless steel is not cheap, but it has properties that make its use essential sometimes.

The gas produced may be used for a number of purposes, but one of the main uses in larger plants is driving engines for production of electricity. To this end it is essential to know the concentration of methane in the gas, allowing the mixture to be adjusted appropriately. The level of carbon dioxide and proportion of methane will give valuable information about the state of the fermentation process as well. Infrared sensors are the best means employed today for this purpose. The need for calibration is minimal or nonexistent and the small size, relatively low cost and minimal power consumption make them ideal for this type of application. Combined heat and power uses are increasingly common. This is probably the most effective use of the biogas produced, although there will be cases where the heat is more difficult to use profitably. In industrial schemes where there is a steady demand for steam or other heat resources, this will present no problem, but areas using the power for residential purposes will find the demand for heat is very much lower in summer than in winter for obvious reason, whilst the demand for electricity will be reduced, but not as greatly.

Infrared sensors may be of the more expensive two channel variety or the more popular single channel sensor. Whilst more prone to drift, single channel sensors are usually more than adequate for this task. Very small, househod schemes will get by without any form of sensor being used, but any scheme that relies on selling the gas will have to ensure and prove a constant quality of service.
Measurements of carbon dioxide and methane in biogas have, nevertheless, shown a marked deviation from the behaviour of an ideal gas, with the sum of the calcualted partial pressures not equalling the total pressure. The result of these measurements must be taken into account in all cases where both sensors are employed.
Measurements in biogas
Biogas calculator
Calculates the number of a type of animal needed to drive a desired size of biogas engine.

BIOGAS LAMP

Biogas Lamps
The lighting efficiency of biogas lamps is generally quite low, averaging between 3% and 5%. Nonetheless, a good biogas lamp can illuminate a room far better than a wick kerosene lamp, and produces a light intensity comparable to that which can be obtained with a pressure kerosene lamp or an electric light bulb in the power range of 25-75 W.

Many parts of rural Kenya still have no access to electric power. In such areas, biogas makes it possible for farm households to improve their work areas for longer periods every day. This in turn enhances the overall quality of farm families' lives, for example by enabling women to do their housework - and children to do their school work - during the evening hours (after 6.30 pm) under good lighting conditions.

High-quality, "modern" household lighting is also a status symbol among rural people and, as a result, biogas lamps contribute significantly to the attractiveness of the biogas technology among the relevant target groups.

KIE began development work on biogas lamps in 1984, and the first model produced by the firm was based on a standard commercial LPG lamp that had been modified for biogas operation. Unfortunately, however, this prototype did not perform satisfactorily because of the nature and scope of the modifications that had been undertaken. Consequently, another lamp was developed.

To date, more than 120 lamps of this second type have been produced and distributed, and a number have also been supplied to users in Tanzania. The lamps have performed satisfactorily. Some users have complained about flickering, or noted that the light was yellow rather than white, or that black spots had developed on the mantle. However, such problems are not attributable to design flaws in the lamp, but rather to insufficient gas pressure in the biogas plant or to the presence of water in the gas piping.

Recently it was decided to modify this design in order to eliminate certain manufacturing problems which had had an adverse effect on the overall quality of the output:

The mixing chamber was assembled from three separate parts. The bores were not of a uniform diameter, which meant that in some cases the gas did not flow properly and extensive threading was required to join the parts.

In some lamps the injector jet was not in line with the axis of the mixing chamber. Unfortunately, the new KIE lamp is not yet on the market. However, with demand for biogas lamps increasing rapidly in Kenya, and in view of the crucial role of improved domestic lighting in promoting the dissemination of the technology, it is important to ensure that adequate supplies of these suitable appliances are available to consumers. With this in mind, the SEP/Kenya initiated the importation of Brazilian "Jackwal" brand biogas lamps. The importation and distribution of the units is now being handled by private merchants.

Like other gas or pressure lamps, the "Jackwal" lamp employs a gas mantle. The lampshade reflects the light downwards and the lamp-glass helps maintain the operating temperature at the required high level. Both the gas and the air inlet can be regulated. The specific biogas consumption of the "Jackwal" lamp works out at about 100 litres/hour. Its retail price in Nairobi is KSh 820. The new KIE design should be every bit as good as the "Jackwal" lamp - if not better - and it is not expected to be any more expensive than the Brazilian import.

[top] [end]Contents: Boiling Point 22: Stoves - other uses
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BP22: Stoves other uses - BP22: Other uses of stoves - BP22: Puffing Rice - BP22: Biogas Properties, Stoves and Lamps - BP22: Bellerive Develops Bakery Oven for Kenya - BP22: The Bakery Programme - BP22: Expanded Coal Utilization Project - BP22: Household Cooking Fuel - BP22: Company House Kitchens - BP22: Keep your wood dry - BP22: Self-help for Forests - BP22: The Clay Testing Centre - Sudan - BP22: Duma Institutional Stove - BP22: "REDI" Stove Trials - BP22: Solar Box Cooker - BP22: The Kelly Kettle - BP22: Extentionists' Blue! - BP22: Stove Profiles - Thai Bu

MAKING AND USES OF BIOGAS

The use of biogas for day-to-day activities is something that happens on a large scale worldwide. In countries like China and India the waste produced by large factories and households flats etc is being used to produce biogas. It has also helped to reduce environmental pollution.

This document concentrates on small-scale domestic biogas digesters. Our objective is to build awareness on how to properly maintain a small biogas digester and what needs to be done when minor malfunctions occur. The reason being as the result of research carried out suggesting that the majority of biogas digesters become inefficient due to minor malfunctions.

The production of biogas is:
An easy method of obtaining combustible fuel required for domestic consumption though the systematic management of waste.

When do you use a biogas digester?
•As a substitute for firewood or LP gas used for cooking.
•As a substitute to the traditional oil lamps used to light the household.
•If the biogas digester is large it can be used as a substitute for the fuel used to run an engine.
•As a method of obtaining fertiliser that can be used instead of chemical fertilisers used for cultivation.
•To manage waste, which pollutes the air, and transform that waste into something beneficial to the environment.
What are the special advantages of using a biogas digester?
•You do not need firewood or LP Gas for cooking. (This means you need not cut down trees. The environment will be preserved. There is no need to spend time collecting firewood or to spend money on LP Gas. This means it is good for the pocket too).
•You do not need kerosene oil to light the house. This means the money spent on Kerosene is saved. Also, the hazards and dangers of using kerosene are reduced.
•There is no smoke and there is no soot when cooking. This means it is better for your health.
•In the end you receive a very high quality fertiliser (the advantages of using fertiliser is endless. It especially saves money. Apart from this, as you are producing organic vegetables that do not use chemical fertilisers they can be sold at a higher price).
Disadvantages
The initial cost is a little high (but it is very cost effective in the long-term).

Introduction to the biogas digester
There are three main types of biogas digesters.

The Indian biogas digester
This is a digester with an expandable gas cylinder or dome. As shown in the picture the waste is being sent and collected from drains on either side. The digester is made using bricks and cement.

The cylindrical dome is made of metal sheets and moves up and down as it stores and releases the gas.

The Chinese biogas digester
The bio digester and the composter are made together using cement and bricks and it is a permanent structure. The biogas is collected in the upper chamber and the waste decomposes in the lower chamber. Just as in the Indian digester this has two drains to feed waste and to collect the composted waste.

Over 15 diagrams. Download the full PDF version to see these pictures and diagrams.
In both the Indian and Chinese digesters the waste needs to be:

•Put in daily.
•Therefore the best option is to connect the digester to the cattle shed or pigs sty.
•In both methods the toilets that we use daily can also be used to produce biogas. This gives extra sanitation advantages.
The following table gives the information about the amount of waste that is needed and the output.

The capacity of a digester
(square meter) Raw material (cow dung)
Kg (per day) For cooking
(number of people) The number of lamps that can be burnt
1 25 3 - 4 2
2 50 4 - 7 3
3 75 7 - 10 6
4 100 10 - 12 8

Sri Lankan biogas digester
This is a novel method identified by the Sri Lanka National Engineering and Research Institute. It also won the silver medal at the International New Developers contest held in Geneva, Switzerland, 1996. As shown in the picture the cylinder is made using brick and cement. The cambers used to collect the biogas are made of low-cost 45 gallon barrels, which can be bought from a normal market. As shown in the picture these barrels are kept separately and connected with air pipes.

The raw material (hay, grass, seaweed, waste from the markets etc) is added and waste is collected by removing the cap on the top.

Special advantages of the Sri Lankan bio-digester:

•When filled, biogas can be obtained for about 5-6 months.
•Therefore there is no need to add the raw material daily
•The main raw material is hay, which is abundant in Sri Lanka and is commonly burnt.
•Additionally, waste vegetables from markets (market waste), aquatic plants and other grass can be used. Even some factory waste can be used.
•The remaining waste is organic manure full of nitrogen.
•This is an environmentally friendly method of generating energy and helps in the process of recycling waste that is otherwise a threat to the environment.
In using a bio-digester:

•The cylinder of biogas should be covered with soil (then it is possible to protect it from external hazards).
•Avoid planting large trees near the biogas digester (the camber can be damaged by the roots of the tree).
Adding the raw-material
(Only in the Indian and Chinese methods)

•Avoid heavy inorganic material such as stones, soil and sand getting into the cylinder (If the above materials get into the digester, they will collect inside the digester and reduce the capacity and therefore reduce the amount of biogas produced).
How to avoid heavy stuff getting into the digester
a.By constructing the cylinder used to put in the raw material as shown in the picture. The unnecessary heavy material will remain in the bottom.
b.The liquid raw material can be mixed separately and then added to the digester.
1.The animal waste and water can be mixed in a ratio of 1:1 and put into the digester (one bucket of water to one bucket of cow-dung).
2.Avoiding unwanted material (polythene, grass, paper, wood, etc) getting into the digester.
In order to assist the process of removing waste from the digester:

1.Keep the outlet pit clean
2.Remove the digested waste on time
3.Clean the pipe that filters the digested waste, at least once a month.
About the air pipe
1.Observing whether air is leaking from the pipes.
2.If there is any suspicion of the air leaking from the pipes, check it by applying soapy water to that section. If it shows that the air is leaking from that section you should act immediately. If you are burying the pipeline under soil, you should be extra careful.
3.By adding a tap near the digester, you can avoid the gas being released unnecessarily, especially during the night.
Water drops collecting in the gas pipeline
There can be a few drops of water from the gas. These will collect in the pipe at the lowest points. There will then be problems in getting the biogas to the kitchen.

The water drops will then need to be removed, and this can be done using one of two methods.

1.If there is a tap attached to the pipeline, in order to remove the water then use this tap.
2.When the pipeline is not buried under the soil, you could lift the pipeline towards the digester and let the water fall back into the digester.
In using slurry
•This can be dissolved in water and used as a fertiliser.
•It also can be used after drying in the sun. (it can be even sold in packets.)
•If you want to obtain more organic fertiliser, make another tank (about 3 feet deep), close to the tank that collects the slurry. Then connect it with the tank that collects the waste. Add all the waste that is collected from the kitchen and from the garden. This process will increase the amount of organic fertiliser you can obtain.
When using equipment that are powered by the biogas digester
The gas cooker
•First light the match and then open the switch (this method will help to reduce accidents as well as save energy.
•Adjust the switch until you get a clear blue flame.
•After cooking, clean the cooker properly. Remove any food particles from the cooker.
•Clean the cooker thoroughly, removing all parts, at least once a month.
In order to obtain the maximum use of biogas when cooking:

•Use big aluminium pan with large flat bases
•Close the pan with a lid
•Use a pressure cooker as much as possible
The biogas lamp
It is possible to use a petromax (local lamp) with a mantel for this purpose.

a.Clean the chimney if it is not clean.
b.Make sure that the lamp is in a stable position
c.In this case, light the matchstick first and then open the gas controller and light the lamp.
Using the Sri Lankan biogas digester (dry batch unit)
In filling the biogas digester with raw material:

a.Collect the raw material (hay and other materials) near the digester.
b.Collect the required amount of cow dung.
c.Soak the hay the day before you fill the digester.
d.Make the cow dung and urea mixture.
e.Fill the digester with a layer of hay and a layer of cow dung.
f.Make sure that the hay is well stacked into the digester. By doing this, it will be possible to stack more hay into the digester and obtain more gas.
g.Now close the mouth of the digester with a lid with clay (termite mound clay is very suitable for this purpose) to make sure it does not releases any gas. And apply cement on top of that.
h.Put about 15 cm of water (about 6” or ½ a foot) on top of the lid. By doing this it is possible to know if gas is leaking from the lid. (If you like you could even grow lotus or any other water plant in this “pond”.)
i.Connect one of the pipes in the cylinder lid with the gas barrels with a clear horse.
j.Use a clear horse for the other pipe and make a “U” shape of it and fill it with water. This can be used as a “Manometer”. If this is not possible put the hose in a water filled bucket (by doing this, it will be possible to know the pressure inside the digester as well as control it. On the other hand if the gas pressure inside the digester suddenly increases, the excess gas will be released from the pipe, and help protect the digester.
In terms of the air pipes
•Check the water levels in the pits that contain the air pipes.
•Check whether the barrels are floating in the water without any problems.
•Be alert to check whether gas is leaking from the barrels.
•Add some engine oil to the pit. By doing this the rusting of the barrels can be reduced and help to avoid mosquitoes breeding.
•By adding a weight on top of the barrel, the pressure can be increased.
•By applying a coat of paint every six months, the barrels can be used for a longer time.
•The maintenance and the use of the other pipe system and the other equipment should also be done in the same manner.
In removing the waste
•It is best to collect the new raw material before removing the old waste material (then the gas can be re-obtained very quickly).
•Open the lid of the digester; this can be kept open for about two to three days.
•Afterwards remove all the waste from the pit.
•The black water, which is in the bottom of the pit, can be collected and used as a fertiliser and a pesticide.
•Now refill the pit.
Is there a solution to your problem?
Problem Reason Solution
The gas does not burn well. There isn’t sufficient methane; air and other chemicals are getting mixed with the biogas. Release the gas allow the gas to be refilled. Then check. (It might be necessary to carry out this activity several times.)
The flame from the cooker isn’t clear. The flame is more orange in colour. There is also an odd sound coming out. There might be water trapped in the pipeline. Remove the water from the pipe. (Use the methods explained in the previous section.)
The gas coming out of the digester is infrequent Water collecting in the pipes Remove the water from the pipes
The flame from the cooker is not enough. Even the light from the lamp is very dim! Not enough gas coming from the digester Make the gas nipple bigger
The amount of gas is reducing day by day. In a few days time we might not even have any left. Gas leaking from the pipe (first check and make sure) Apply a soap/water mixture onto the areas of concern (the pipe connections). If there are bubbles then correct the problem.
Gas leaking from the lid (first there will be bubbles in the water over the lid After you notice this apply another layer of clay.
Adding too much or too little raw material (in the Indian and Chinese methods). Compare the amount that you should put in daily against the amount you currently add. Make sure you only add the required amount of raw material.
Not mixing the water and the raw material properly before adding into the digester (Chinese and Indian methods). You should mix the two at a ratio of 1:1 (one bucket of water with one bucket of cow dung).
The cow dung solidifying inside the digester. Remove the lid and take away this material completely.
Sand and pieces of rock entering the digester. Remove the lid and check the digester with a stick. If there seem to be a layer of sand empty the digester completely and fill it again.
Cracks in the digester, air leaking from the walls of the digester. Empty the entire digester and check this. Getting assistance from your technical advisor is suitable at this stage.
I'm not able to add caw dung into the digester The pipe used to enter the raw material is blocked. Insert a bamboo stick or a wooden stick and check the pipe.
The edge of the pipe is getting blocked with sand or small rocks. Open the lid of the digester then clear the pipeline

BIOGAS FROM MAN/ANIMAL EXCRETER

Waste not, want notClick Here!
digester can turn manure into fuel for cooking and electricity.
the betting it can find profit in human waste. Its new biogas digester turns human excrement, cow dung, or kitchen garbage into fuel that can be used for cooking or generating electricity, simultaneously addressing two of India's major needs: energy and sanitation.

digester uses bacteria to break down waste into sludge, much like a septic tank. In the process, the bacteria emit gases, mostly methane. But instead of being vented into the air, they are piped into a storage canister.

A one-cubic-meter digester, primed with cow dung to provide bacteria, can convert the waste generated by a four-person family into enough gas to cook all its meals and provide sludge for fertilizer. A model this size costs about $425 but will pay for itself in energy savings in less than two years. That's still a high price for most Indians, even though the government recently agreed to subsidize about a third of the cost for these family-sized units. "We want to create a new industry for portable sanitation in India that's not available now," says S.B. Dangayach, Sintex's managing director.Click Here!

Government officials plan to end open defecation by 2012 (hundreds of millions of Indians use railroad tracks or other outdoor locales instead of toilets) and say biogas plants are part of the solution. A.R. Shukla, a scientific advisor in the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, says India could support 12 million such plants, but only 3.9 million - mostly pricier models big enough to accommodate entire villages - have been installed to date. And last year the government fell far short of its target for new installations.

The future can be glimpsed on a dusty, rutted road in a poor South Delhi neighborhood. Here 1,000 people use an immaculately clean public toilet constructed by a nonprofit foundation, the Sulabh Sanitation Movement. The biogas digester attached to toilets provides cooking gas for a 600-student school and vocational-training program the foundation runs. In the past, nongovernmental organizations like Sulabh were the only ones offering biogas digesters.Click Here!

But hoping cities, real estate developers, building managers, and hospitals will jump at a ready-made way to harness the same energy.

Biogas digesters are just a small fraction of Sintex's business. The company has installed only about 100 of them. But it plans to increase investment and production tenfold in the coming year. That growth potential has helped Sintex stock more than double this past year. Human waste may be a stinky business, but to investors it smells like money.Click Here!